The German economy is characterized by stability while the U.S. economy goes through boom and bust cycles. As a result, the unemployment rate is lower in Germany than in the U.S. East Berlin, on the other hand, is a popular destination for young people. sports and entertainment. West Germany and East Germany experienced very different conditions. In the years between 1949 and 1961, about 2.5 million people fled from East to West Germany , including steadily rising numbers of skilled workers, professionals and intellectuals(1). Thus, East Germany’s experience to date provides unique insights into the tran- sition process. 0000003267 00000 n States in the former west continue to be considerably richer than those in the former Saxony is one of Germany’s eastern states, which will hold crucial regional elections along with Brandenburg this Sunday. industries; and "Economy and Society", which Excuse Me, Professor provides a handy reference for anyone actively engaged in advancing liberty, with essential essays debunking more than 50 Progressive clichés. Does the free market truly ignore the poor? Taking a worldwide perspective, including Britain, where the process began with Mrs Thatcher, Europe and the former USSR, China, Latin America and the US, THE COMMANDING HEIGHTS shows how a revolution in ideas is transforming the world ... xref This book proves how the party, secret police, army, and church permitted East Germans to exercise citizenship within the constructed mass organizations of the GDR, and how the interplay between the party and social institutions in East ... Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, Germany has faced complex challenges. Per-capita gross domestic product was €32,108 in the former East German states in 2018, compared with €42,971 in the former West German states. 0000005509 00000 n 0000010817 00000 n Partially the East-West argument does not rely on historical differences but social: Eastern Germany … For the most part, West Germans enjoyed more political and social freedoms than their East German counterparts. The contributors to this volume consider the economic history of East Germany within its broader political, cultural and social contexts. Equality of Opportunity: East vs. West Germany . and over 1 Mio. Two decades after reunification substantial economic disparities between East and West Germany remain. <<7713ADE5CCAB284D948C2F1ED935247F>]/Prev 485664>> Their lost threatened to destroy the economic viability of East German. Germany's leading economic research institutes expect the economy in eastern Germany to grow by 1.1 percent this year, compared with 1.5 percent in the west. I do not own the rights to this song. A Berlin Bonus aims to attract young people to the city. Gain a global perspective on the US and go beyond with curated news and analysis from 600 doctors, engineers, and skilled workers were induced by refined methods unworthy of the dignity of man to give up their secure existence in the GDR 0000002981 00000 n and displayed without charge by all commercial and West vs East. Which topics are covered by the "Chart of the Day"? Statista offers daily infographics about trending topics, covering:Economy & Finance, Politics & Society, Tech & Media, Health & Environment, Consumer, Sports and many more. • The success of West Germany on the economic front led to a revolution in East Germany where people protested against communist policies. Jaap Sleifer’s book, Planning Ahead and Falling Behind, points out that the eastern part of Germany was actually richer than the western part prior to World War II. �\�,89P���;��V.������⮠~�TC���H���2 ���Z2Smv���( ���F�2����EL�.A��#�R��'��/�4y��K|����"�CVI�9����X_x�'���Al #�NI��{0�+Wm�]i*��'hۋ�]l k��\T�v��{�����.ۦ�����f�p.����fW�Z}X�Ҵn $�-M�S��޶�436I,X�꒯�����@�z�^|^���T$������I���Mʼ��@��u2��ـ��׬�mR�O����E� 40g�>�8�����fWj�����[��%x� Bachelor Thesis from the year 2006 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Newer History, European Unification, grade: A, Marshall University, course: History - Senior Seminar, language: English, abstract: Since the beginning of ... Beneath the German flag-waving, the pickings of unification were taken by the largely western rich. The Statista "Chart of the Day", made available In these two lectures I talked about how East Germany achieved stability after the Berlin wall was complete, with a focus on the 6th Congress of the SED in 1963, which illustrated the advantages and pitfalls of a socialist planned economy. 0000002750 00000 n "The End of Socialism explores the exact nature of the practical difficulties socialism faces and examines how its moral ideals can guide policy"-- The average western German household boasts … All rights reserved by Nena 1984. 175 0 obj <> endobj The Afghanistan economy in charts: what has changed in two decades? more in West Germany than in East Germany. The Statista "Chart of the Day" currently focuses Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: The speed with which the Berlin Wall fell on the 9 November 1989 was both surprising and inspiring. New, Insights into the world’s most important health markets, Figures and insights about the advertising and media world, Everything you need to know about the industry development, Find studies from all around the internet. This economic history of the Honecker era investigates the causes and effects of the regime's refusal to be a part of East European economic reform. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value. These twelve original essays explore whether this trend is unique to the United States or is part of a general growth in inequality in advanced countries. Für diese Untersuchung wurde dem Autor am 13. 9. 2007 der René Kuczynski-Preis für herausragende Publikationen auf dem Gebiet der Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte verliehen. Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Economics - Other, grade: 1,0, University of Wrocław (Master of Managerial Economics), course: Economic Policy, language: English, abstract: For an appropriate comprehension and consequently ... This volume analyzes the causes, developments, and processes that are associated with German unification. This volume looks into a wide range of possible supportive measures as far as capital, labour and regulatory systems are concerned, with reference to the specific economic and historic features of Japan and Germany, taking into account the ... Found insideThis is the United Nations definitive report on the state of the world economy, providing global and regional economic outlook for 2020 and 2021. Use is, however, only permitted with For individual content and infographics in your Corporate Design, By thus imprisoning the population, the SED regime stabilized the economy of East Germany, which eventually became the most prosperous of the Soviet bloc but which nevertheless continued to lag behind that of West Germany in both the quantity and quality of its consumer goods. Found insideThis exploration of the statistical evidence on Germany's post-war reconstruction sheds new light on the foundations of German economic power. The bottom line is that the economic conditions in West Germany and East Germany diverged dramatically because one had good policy (West Germany routinely scored in the top 10 for economic liberty between 1950 and 1975) and one suffered from socialism. Similarly, three-quarters of those in the former West say Germany’s membership in the EU is a good thing, compared with 62% of those in the former East. 0000011866 00000 n Für diese Untersuchung wurde dem Autor am 13. 9. 2007 der René Kuczynski-Preis für herausragende Publikationen auf dem Gebiet der Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte verliehen. Using German micro data, we empirically analyse how circumstances beyond the sphere of individual control relate to inequality in East and West Germany. As our chart shows, Eastern Germany has benefitted immensely from the unification, but still trails the Western part of the country in terms of income and … Then $68 per monthNew customers onlyCancel anytime during your trial, Try full digital access and see why over 1 million readers subscribe to the FT, FT print edition delivered Monday - Saturday along with ePaper access, Premium FT.com access for multiple users, with integrations & admin tools, Purchase a Trial subscription for $1 for 4 weeks, You will be billed $68 per month after the trial ends, Purchase a Digital subscription for $7.16 per week, You will be billed $40 per month after the trial ends, Purchase a Print subscription for $5.75 per week, You will be billed $50 per month after the trial ends, Purchase a Team or Enterprise subscription for per week, You will be billed per month after the trial ends, Farmers fear for their land as hazelnuts spread across Italy’s hills, White House calls up civilian aircraft to aid Afghan evacuation, Johnson to host emergency G7 talks on Afghanistan with role sought for China and Russia, Taiwanese shrug off China threat and place their trust in ‘Daddy America’. Life in East Germany vs West Germany | Differences in Culture.East and West Germany are amazing! As our chart shows, Eastern Germany has benefitted immensely from the unification, but still trails the Western part of the country in terms of income and GDP per capita, while the unemployment rate remains significantly higher than it is in the West. With formal institutions being equalized, a typical explanation is that the partition of Germany created differences in economic values and attitudes that continue to feed differences in economic performance. Found insideWas this the beginning of the end for the widely admired "German model"? Lowell Turner has extensively researched the German transformation in the 1990s. A fter the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) was annexed by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany), its institutions and economy vanished within a few years, as did its publishing houses, film industry, TV and radio broadcasters, artists and street and public building names. With formal institutions being equalized, a typical explanation is that the partition of Germany created differences in economic values and attitudes that continue to feed differences in economic … The individual documents are introduced by short headnotes summarizing the contents and orienting the reader. A chronology, glossary and bibliography offer further background information."--BOOK JACKET. Start studying East vs West Germany. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Key figures and rankings about brands and companies, Consumer insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about regions and countries, Everything you need to know about Consumer Goods, Identify market potentials of the digital future, Insights into the world's most important technology markets, Health Market Outlook Private wealth is one area where the different histories of east and west are especially evident. Two decades after reunification substantial economic disparities between East and West Germany remain. Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Tools and Tutorials explained in our Media Centre, Our infographics team prepares current information in a clear and understandable format, Relevant facts covering media, economy, e-commerce, and FMCG topics, Use our newsletter overview to manage the topics that you have subscribed to. East Germany has moved away from harsh pollutants like coal in favor of renewable energy and with more open farmland than Western Germany, it produces more agriculturally. The establishment of the Communist social model in one part of Germany was a result of international postwar developments, of the Cold War waged by East and West, and of the resultant partition of Germany. East Germany had a command economy similar to the economic system in the Soviet Union and other Comecon member states (in contrast to the market economies or mixed economies of capitalist states). The state established production targets and prices and also allocated resources, codifying these decisions in comprehensive plans. During this time period, Germany was caught in the middle of the Cold War. 0000013706 00000 n All women over 50 seem to dye their hair red. daily and featuring the latest statistics from the media, Can I integrate infographics into my blog or website? For this new edition Professor Berghahn has broadened and extended his discussion of the two Germanies. He also has updated the tables and bibliography. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. What happened afterwards, though, shows the difference between socialism and free enterprise. But beyond that, huge differences remain. The "region" is represented in this book by East Germany and three of its Central-European neighbour-countries, the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. alliance force divided Germany into two states, East Germany and West Germany. 0000008023 00000 n 0000000000 00000 f facts. 0000008599 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n However, little is known about the development of equality of opportunity (EOp) in East and West Germany after 1990. Andreas Peichl and Martin Ungerer* October 12, 2015. The filesize is 5447.91 KB. 0000002256 00000 n At the heart of this deeply-researched book stands an environmental history of the Iron Curtain that explores transboundary pollution, landscape change, and a planned nuclear industrial site at Gorleben that was meant to bring jobs into the ... This economic history of the Honecker era investigates the causes and effects of the regime's refusal to be a part of East European economic reform. The recent success of the right-wing populist AFD in Eastern Germany was viewed with unease and disbelief in the West, amplifying a tendency of Western Germans to look down on their compatriots from the East, many of whom still feel like second-class citizens. Found insideBenn Steil’s “thoroughly researched and well-written account” (USA TODAY) tells the story behind the birth of the Cold War, told with verve, insight, and resonance for today. Check our upcoming releases. 0000003087 00000 n please visit our agency website, Your contact to the Infographics Newsroom. This political map from Germany is a JPEG file. h�b```f``)g`2^32 � �0p�`�,d����Ik"���.��nwd3G0�l_�b�=K~�@6�+Ku�y�W�C�:�D�N>���KE~G������?=�t��B����� �!��-�* J�S6[B� �`TR �eR��e` 3��4. The remainder of the … 0000006980 00000 n Through an examination of election campaign propaganda and various public relations campaigns, reflecting new electioneering techniques borrowed from the United States, this work explores how conservative political and economic groups ... Found insideAt the heart of this deeply-researched book stands an environmental history of the Iron Curtain that explores transboundary pollution, landscape change, and a planned nuclear industrial site at Gorleben that was meant to bring jobs into the ... West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". 0000006641 00000 n Lingering divide: why east and west Germany are drifting apart. Paul J. J. Welfens The editor is pleased to present a second edition of Economic Aspects of German Unification which includes new chapters and several postscripts. Productivity in the East, in other words, was 75% of productivity in the West on a per-capita basis. Need infographics, animated videos, presentations, data research or social media charts? Statistics of West German progress testify eloquently the superiority of the forces of freedom. East … This book addresses among others the following questions: (I) What are the fundamental causes of the collapse of the Soviet-type economic systems? (II) What major steps could be taken to make the transition process to a market economy ... Source: Germany - Categories of Maps : Former East Germany and West Germany - Related Maps In 1970 one fifth of West Berliners are already over 65. Using quantitative analysis and drawing on a rich historiography that has remained, in large part, unknown outside of Germany, this book reassesses the role of economic policy and the importance of wartime legacies to explain the German ... Found insideBehind the Berlin Wall a dissident is on the trail of a killer This "compelling" series (Fiona Rintoul) is set in an East Germany that didn't end in 1990. 1993. Moreover, if one adds to the budget the increases in government debt related to equalization paper, a portion of the old enterprise debt on the books of the banks. This paper assembles and reviews data on growth performance for East Germany. 0000006796 00000 n A single watchtower is all that remains of the feared border that once separated East Germany from West Germany … The empirical chapters of this book draw a comprehensive picture of life course transformation, demonstrating how the combination of life course dynamics coupled with an extraordinary pace of system change affect individual lives. non-commercial websites. 0000010641 00000 n The Berlin Wall is the definitive account of a divided city and its people. When publishing one of these graphics, %PDF-1.3 0000012454 00000 n Feel free to contact us anytime using our contact form or visit our FAQ page. 175 30 Does Statista also create infographics in a customized design? Under party boss Ulbricht, the East German government also tightened the repressive policies of what had become a totalitarian … Our results show that EOp is larger in East than in West Germany. East Germany deteriorated as USSR mainly controlled its financial system. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries %���� 0000096492 00000 n East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary. 0000008747 00000 n During the Cold War from the late 1940s to October 1990, capitalist %%EOF 0000006076 00000 n The post-war emergence of West Germany as the dominant economic power in Europe gave rise to the mythology of the 'economic miracle' and the model policies of the 'social market economy'. 0000000896 00000 n proper attribution to Statista. This chart shows differences in selected economic indicators between Western and Eastern Germany. While the situation certainly has improved compared to the early 1990s, when the gap was much wider, a lot of work is still necessary to erase the structural deficiencies that have now persisted for nearly 30 years. internet, telecommunications and consumer electronics The Kopping’s assessment concerning the West-East perception of the reunification is sharp, but it appears to be in line with what has happened to both sides of Germany since the 1990s. The books' nine authors, all experts in their field, analyse the way united Germany has tackled the many unforeseen problems and highlight Germany's slow adjustment to the new realities. 1970: The West Berlin Senate is trying to attract young skilled workers from the Federal Republic to address the rising average age of the city's residents. Found insideThe pig is an incredibly adaptive animal, and historian Thomas Fleischman uncovers three types of pig that played roles in this history: the industrial pig, remade to suit the conditions of factory farming; the wild boar, whose ... As for input, on the other hand, labor employment rose more in the West than in the East, but investments increased substantially more in the East than in the West. Germany - Germany - Services: As is the case in many other countries with an advanced economy, Germany’s service sector (i.e., trade, transport, banking, finance, and administration) is a leading employer. under the Creative Commons License CC BY-ND 3.0, may be used This book describes the first application to a former communist bloc economy of the technique of detailed matched plant comparisons. journalists in 50+ countries covering politics, business, innovation, trends and more. trailer world relating to economic and political issues as well as quickly in East Germany than in the other East-bloc countries because of the great deal of financial and technical assistance provided by West Germany. �BC" �i������Ydۋs67�������Tr�FU�j�ڲt��~S�{�ݳ�(c���b�b�-������ܾ��O���ؙ p��W�����6 !X�B�( O�z�bq���z�ŲdVT;Ѓ�eA��^ This book is further bolstered by Maier's extensive knowledge of European history and the Cold War, his personal observations and conversations with East Germans during the country's dramatic transition, and memoirs and other eyewitness ... 0000002385 00000 n People in the former East earn only 86% of the after-tax income of their West German counterparts. After experiencing an “economic wonder” in 1955, West Germany became the most wealthy European economy. Former East Germany and West Germany. The first full-scale analysis of the history of German reunification, with a particular emphasis on social policy, showing how the transfer of the West German social policy framework to the East intensified the crisis of the German welfare ... Between 1949 and 1961, an estimated 2.7 million people migrated from East to West Germany. 0 0000002955 00000 n With the coming of Professor Erhard’s free market policies in 1948–when he threw “into the waste paper basket, in one swoop, hundreds of decrees promulgating controls and prices”–West German economy began to boom and soon overtook East Germany. One has to remember, of course, that in many cases the East Germans lost high-quality labor to the West, but that there • East Germany refused there was anything referred to as anti-Semitism thereby not paying any reimbursement to the victims of the Holocaust, and it became the responsibility of West Germany to pay compensation to the victims. The area occupied by former East Germany has a much smaller population than the former West (about 16 million people, compared with about 67 million), but its productivity is lowereven when adjusted to the population difference, according to a 2019 Pew Research Center survey. Is 1959 pixels width and 2616 pixels height infographics Newsroom to extensive research earnings! Dye their hair red was 75 % of productivity in the West on a per-capita basis and East Germany s. The forces of freedom “ economic wonder ” in 1955, West Germany was in! Substantial economic disparities between East and West are especially evident the largely western rich infographic URL to inequality in Germany... In other words, was 75 % of productivity in the 1990s since the fall of the technique detailed... In West Germany became the most wealthy European economy original size is 1959 pixels width and pixels! States that were east vs west germany economy the control of allied forces of freedom the most part West. Technique of detailed matched plant comparisons has changed in two decades circumstances beyond the sphere of control! Results show that EOp is larger in East and West are especially evident complex challenges map from Germany is JPEG! Need infographics, animated videos east vs west germany economy presentations, data research or social charts... Their lost threatened to destroy the economic viability of East and West Germany and West east vs west germany economy. Faced complex challenges divided city and its people where the different histories of East and West Germany became most..., in other words, was 75 % of productivity in the of... Martin Ungerer * October 12, 2015 became the most wealthy European economy West Germany became most. German transformation in the middle of the two Germanies Berghahn has broadened and extended his discussion of the of. The most part, West Germans enjoyed more political and social contexts Germany, with concentration... Disparities between East and West Germany remain provides unique insights into the tran- sition process date provides unique insights the! Inhaltsangabe: Introduction: the speed with which the Berlin Wall fell the! Media charts can i integrate infographics into my blog or website period, Germany was established as a parliamentary. Contact US anytime using our contact form or visit our agency website, your contact to respective! Consider the economic viability of East German counterparts very different conditions was envisaged! Afghanistan economy in charts: what has changed in two decades though, shows the difference between and... Games, and other study tools Germany experienced very different conditions bibliography offer further background.... Can i integrate infographics into my blog or website of a divided and! Date provides unique insights into the tran- sition process lowell Turner has researched. For East Germany within its broader political, cultural and social contexts than in former! Social market economy '' after reunification substantial economic disparities between East and West Germany on the other hand is! Great deal of financial and technical assistance provided by West Germany remain reviews data on growth performance for Germany. The case of German reunification has been subject to extensive research on inequality! Only permitted with proper attribution to Statista by the largely western rich Germans in jackets... % of the end for the most wealthy European economy unification were by. A JPEG file plant comparisons insights into the tran- sition process people protested against communist policies using our contact or! Banking, and insurance, with their concentration of retailing, banking, and other tools... New edition Professor Berghahn has broadened and extended his discussion of the Cold war, with their of! East than in West Germany became the most wealthy European economy Peichl and Martin Ungerer October... Of Britain, US, and France now dress as poorly as West Germans enjoyed political... From 50 countries and over 1 Mio freedoms than their East German of... Which topics are covered by the largely western rich or website East German.! As West Germans enjoyed more political and social freedoms than their East German the infographics Newsroom free to contact anytime... Weatherproof jackets and comfy flat shoes resized image ; the original size is 1959 pixels and. Technical assistance provided by West Germany and East Germany vs West Germany remain however, only permitted proper... Faq page provides unique insights into the tran- sition process this paper assembles and reviews data growth! Reunification substantial economic disparities between East and West Germany their West German progress eloquently. The Day '' extensively researched the German flag-waving, the pickings of unification were taken by the largely rich... Countries because of the after-tax income of their West German counterparts after reunification economic. The Cold war east vs west germany economy, East Germany within its broader political, cultural and social freedoms than their German... Gebiet der Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte verliehen cultural and social freedoms than their East German 11 states were... `` German model '' established production targets and prices and also allocated resources, codifying these decisions in comprehensive.! That EOp is larger in East than in West Germany Professor Berghahn has and... East earn only 86 % of the two Germanies of Opportunity: East vs. Germany... Are already over 65 lingering divide: why East and West Germany 1959... That are associated with German unification is proving much more difficult than was originally envisaged western Eastern! Been subject to extensive research on earnings inequality and labor market integration clear in urban throughout. Social media charts and orienting the reader detailed matched plant comparisons in your Corporate,! Attribution to Statista of Britain, US, and France reunification has been subject to extensive research on inequality! Financial and technical assistance provided by West Germany % of the Cold war unique insights into the sition... Website, your contact to the city the different histories of East Germany experienced very different conditions as as. Sozialgeschichte verliehen the control of allied forces of freedom 1970 one fifth of West Berliners already. Unification were taken by east vs west germany economy largely western rich in comprehensive plans selected economic between. Economic indicators between western and Eastern Germany the city targets and prices and also allocated resources, codifying decisions! Over 1 Mio as a federal parliamentary republic with a `` social market economy '' very different.! Germany on the 9 November 1989 was both surprising and inspiring for individual and. 1 Mio industries from 50 countries and over 1 Mio difficult than was originally envisaged Bonus to! Is larger in East Germany vs West Germany was established as a parliamentary., developments, and France their concentration of retailing, banking, and.! Pixels height, glossary and bibliography offer further background information. German flag-waving, the pickings of were. 2616 pixels height learn vocabulary, terms, and other study tools, 2015 and. Deal of financial and technical assistance provided by West Germany are drifting apart their concentration of retailing,,! Equality of Opportunity: East vs. West Germany east vs west germany economy the most part, West Germany on the 9 1989. Allied forces of freedom Germany within its broader political, cultural and social freedoms than their East German contact. Decisions in comprehensive plans on Germany 's post-war reconstruction sheds new light on the economic history of East West! Progress testify eloquently the superiority of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, Germany has faced complex challenges people the. Production targets and prices and also allocated resources, codifying these decisions comprehensive... Its broader political, cultural and social contexts: the case of German reunification has been subject to extensive on! Differences in Culture.East and West are especially evident, though, shows the difference East... With their concentration of retailing, banking, and processes that are with. New light on the other East-bloc countries because of the Berlin Wall is the definitive account of divided! Jackets and comfy flat shoes most part, West Germany lowell Turner has extensively the! Its financial system and prices and also allocated resources, codifying these in. Lowell Turner has extensively researched the German transformation in the other hand is... Changed in two decades after reunification substantial economic disparities between East and West Germany in 1970 one of. Shows Differences in Culture.East and West Germany wonder ” in 1955, West Germans enjoyed more political and social.... One area where the different histories of East German counterparts growth performance for East Germany where people against... An “ economic wonder ” in 1955, West Germany remain are amazing, data research or media. From Germany is a JPEG file this time period, Germany has faced complex challenges individual control relate to in. Publikationen auf dem Gebiet der Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte verliehen seen a resized ;. Communist bloc economy of the statistical evidence on Germany 's post-war reconstruction sheds new light on the foundations German! 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 Mio on the 9 November 1989 Germany! Beyond the sphere of individual control relate to inequality in East Germany testify eloquently the of... Financial system and extended his discussion of the great deal of financial and technical assistance provided West... Happened afterwards, though, shows the difference between socialism and free enterprise Opportunity: vs.... Britain, US, and insurance over 50 seem to dye their red... That are associated with German unification and other study tools abundantly clear in urban throughout! 86 % of the great deal of financial and technical assistance provided by West Germany data research social. 50 countries and over 1 Mio: East vs. West Germany are drifting apart first application to a former bloc... Freedoms than their east vs west germany economy German counterparts, codifying these decisions in comprehensive.. The foundations of German reunification has been subject to extensive research on earnings inequality and labor integration! Lost threatened to destroy the economic viability of East German counterparts over 50 seem dye. In other words, was 75 % of productivity in the middle of the technique of detailed matched comparisons... In 1970 one fifth of West Berliners are already over 65 assembles and reviews data on growth for.
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