The second key source for claims that China has detained millions of Uyghur Muslims is Adrian Zenz. Reagan appointed Dobriansky to be Ambassador to the Bahamas. While the exact definition of hybrid warfare remains subject to debate, inherent in the … Giving cyber operators and social-media officers greater freedom of action – without having to wait for the slow bureaucratic cogs to turn – will be vital to dominating the messaging and prevailing in the narrative war. A shaky result for Singapore’s PAP, a jump start for global trade and a clear message for Australia's universities. He tweets at @ajitxsingh. Adrian Zenz is considered an expert in DC. I’m not afraid to say that. As Washington ratchets up pressure on China, Zenz has been lifted out of obscurity and transformed almost overnight into a go-to pundit on Xinjiang. As the battles shift in the digital age, Australia needs a strategy to compete – and to win public support. For this purpose, China uses grey-zone warfare, a manoeuvre at which the country has become an expert, especially against Taiwan. The gray zone is predicated on a continuum between peace and war. He based it on a single report by Istiqlal TV, a Uyghur exile media organization based in Turkey, which was. The Cold War was a 45-year-long Gray Zone struggle in which the West succeeded in checking the spread of communism and ultimately witnessed the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It wasn’t always the case. While CHRD states that it interviewed dozens of ethnic Uyghurs in the course of its study, their enormous estimate was ultimately based on, Thanks to questionable sources like the CHRD, the, China of “arbitrarily detain[ing] 800,000 to possibly more than two million Uighurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslims in internment camps designed to erase religious and ethnic identities.”. This anodyne-sounding campus is actually the German base of Columbia International University, a US-based evangelical Christian seminary which considers the “Bible [to be] the ultimate foundation and the final truth in every aspect of our lives,” and whose mission is to “educate people from a biblical worldview to impact the nations with the message of Christ.”, Zenz’s work on China is inspired by this biblical worldview, as he recently explained in an interview with the Wall Street Journal. Xi Jinping has taken a significant risk with reforms of the anti-corruption system. In the context of the recent Skripal poisoning and repeated cyber attacks, much has been made of the new 'grey zone' between states where hybrid or asymmetric warfare is conducted. Such warfare is conducted in the “grey zone” of conflict, meaning operations may not clearly cross the threshold of war. Photography/Flickr). With Xinjiang, things really changed. Published daily by the a strategy to compete – and to win public support. . With Xinjiang, things really changed. Public speeches by Australian Defence Force Chiefs are irregular enough that people sat up and took notice when General Angus Campbell used his address at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute’s 2019 “War in 2025” conference to outline the increasing threat represented by political warfare – a term not likely to be familiar to the average Australian. “Anyone in Xinjiang who engages in any type of religious practice, anyone who even has a single Koran verse saved on their mobile phone, will be subjected to a brutal process of reeducation without trial,” he maintained. A born-again Christian who claims to preach at his local church, Adrian Zenz is a lecturer at the European School of Culture and Theology. ETIM has been designated as a terrorist organization with ties to al-Qaeda, has reported that since “2013, thousands of Uighurs… have traveled to Syria to train with the Uighur militant group Turkistan Islamic Party and fight alongside al-Qaida,” with “several hundred join[ing] the Islamic State.”, , Yapuquan is “a regular guest on Istiqlal TV… where his interviews often extended into hours-long emotional tirades against China.”, Turkish journalist Abdullah Bozkurt reported that Istiqlal TV has also hosted, fanatical anti-Semites like Nureddin Yıldız, , who in an interview on the network, “called for armed jihad not only in China’s autonomous Xinjiang region but all over the world and described China as a nation of savages, worse than the Jews.”, Zenz pads this data by citing reports from. Dealing within the gray zone is even more complicated because of the way the United States military thinks about conflict. This book explores some of the opportunities and risks - economic, social and technological - that decision-makers will have to address, and outlines what needs to be done to foster society's capacity to manage its future more flexibly and ... I’m not afraid to say that. The report was Ajit Singh is a lawyer and journalist. Gray zone actions are increasing from countries seeking to challenge the United States. While this extraordinary claim is treated as unassailable in the West, it is, in fact, “millions detained” figure was first popularized by. Thanks to questionable sources like the CHRD, the United States government has accused China of “arbitrarily detain[ing] 800,000 to possibly more than two million Uighurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslims in internment camps designed to erase religious and ethnic identities.”, Testifying before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 2018, State Department official Scott Busby stated this this “is the U.S. government assessment, backed by our intelligence community and open source reporting.”, The Chinese government has rejected US allegations, and claims that it has in fact established “vocational education and training centers […] to prevent the breeding and spread of terrorism and religious extremism.” The Chinese Foreign Ministry has stated that “there [are] no so-called ‘re-education camps’ in Xinjiang at all. The US House of Representatives passed the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act on December 3, legislation which calls for the Donald Trump administration to impose sanctions against China over allegations that Beijing has detained millions of Muslim-majority Uyghurs in the western region of Xinjiang. As, , CHRD receives significant financial support from Washington’s regime-change arm, the. Lowy Institute, © Copyright 2021 The Interpreter features in-depth analysis & The Istiqlal TV report relied on by Zenz published an unverified table of “re-education detainee figures” allegedly “leaked” by Chinese authorities, totaling 892,000 individuals in 68 Xinjiang counties as of Spring 2018. The Gray Zone is characterized by intense political, economic, informa-tional, and military competition more fervent in nature than normal steady-state diplomacy, yet short of conventional war. The “grey zone”: Political warfare is back. These actions, which seek to gain advantage without provoking a conventional military response, are often difficult for free-market democracies to counter. They define the gray zone as “characterized by intense political, economic, informational, and military competition more fervent in nature than normal steady-state diplomacy, yet short of conventional war,” (pp. He has testified before Congress, providing commentary in outlets from the Wall Street Journal to Democracy Now!, and delivering expert quotes in the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists’ recent “China Cables” report. WINNING IN THE GRAY ZONE USING ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE TO REGAIN ESCALATION DOMINANCE BRYAN CLARK MARK GUNZINGER JESSE SLOMAN 2017. Postcolonial theory is one of the key issues of scholarly debates worldwide; debates, so the author argues, which are rather sterile and characterized by a repetitive reworking of old hackneyed issues, focussing on cultural questions of ... An insufficient response, however, only serves to galvanise the provocateur. (The Uyghur Human Rights Act recently passed by Congress mandates the US Agency for Global Media – the governmental parent of Radio Free Asia – to report on Xinjiang, including “assessments of Chinese propaganda strategies.”), With his cobbling of questionable sources, Zenz extrapolates an extremely broad estimate “at anywhere between several hundred thousand and just over one million.”, While admitting that “there is no certainty” to his estimate, he has concluded that it is nevertheless “reasonable to speculate.” He attempted to evade personal responsibility for the figure’s questionable reliability, however, by stating “[t]he accuracy of this estimate is of course predicated on the supposed validity of the stated sources.”. The sand-dredging is one weapon China is using against Taiwan in a campaign of so-called gray-zone warfare, which entails using irregular tactics to exhaust a foe without actually resorting to open combat. Hybrid warfare or Gray zone is basically aimed at wearing down, intimidating or provoking the enemy without firing a single shot. to the study of warfare. The vocational education and training centers legally operated in Xinjiang aim to help a small number of people affected by terrorist and extremist ideologies and equip them with skills, so that they can be self-reliant and re-integrate into society.”, In its mounting pressure campaign against China, the US is not only relying on CHRD for data; it is directly funding its operations. On hand were Republican heavyweights like Sam Brownback, the ferociously anti-LGBT, anti-abortion former governor of Kansas and current US ambassador-at-large for religious freedom, as well as top staffers of Sen. Marco Rubio, the sponsor of virtually every China sanctions bill to be rubber-stamped by Congress in recent weeks. UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus: GS-3-Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its preventionHybrid warfare - China. These form a “gray zone” between traditional notions of war and peace. The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region's future. Applying these estimated rates to the entirety of Xinjiang, CHRD arrived at the figures submitted to the UN claiming that one million ethnic Uyghurs have been detained in “re-education detention camps” and two million more have been “forced to attend day/evening re-education sessions”. Speaking at an event organized by the US mission in Geneva in March 2019, Zenz stated, “Although it is speculative it seems appropriate to estimate that up to 1.5 million ethnic minorities [have been detained by China in Xinjiang].” Zenz bumped up his estimate again in a November 2019 interview with Radio Free Asia, claiming China was detaining 1.8 million people. Citing the bill’s success, he called for opening a new front against China with a US investigation into “involuntary labor in relation to Xinjiang.”. It is hardly new, however. China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea, as well as non-state actors, are increasingly turning to these strategies to overcome U.S. strengths in global diplomacy, law, and commerce. Competition in the gray zone is an underdeveloped area of U.S. strategy, planning and synchronization of action, despite its wealth of advantages. “Through notions of gender equality […] the enemy is undermining God’s unique but different role assignments for men and women.”. UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination – often misrepresented in Western media as a UN-authored report – CHRD “estimate[d] that roughly one million members of ethnic Uyghurs have been sent to ‘re-education’ detention camps and roughly two million have been forced to attend ‘re-education’ programs in Xinjiang.” According to CHRD, this figure was “[b]ased on interviews and limited data.”. Along with his “mission” against China, heavenly guidance has apparently prompted Zenz to denounce homosexuality, gender equality, and the banning of physical punishment against children as threats to Christianity. Before Grayzone editor Max Blumenthal questioned Zenz about his religious “mission,” at a recent event about Xinjiang inside the US Capitol, he had received almost entirely uncritical promotion from Western media. returns no tweets concerning the rise of Islamophobia in the West, nor US wars and drone strikes against Muslim-majority countries. Moments later, a visibly upset young man rose from his seat to “condemn the tankie Max Blumenthal.” Unleashing a torrent of insults at Blumenthal, he made no attempt to refute the journalist’s line of questioning. The editor-in-chief of The Grayzone, Max Blumenthal is an award-winning journalist and the author of several books, including best-selling Republican Gomorrah, Goliath, The Fifty One Day War, and The Management of Savagery. A search of Zenz’s Twitter profile returns no tweets concerning the rise of Islamophobia in the West, nor US wars and drone strikes against Muslim-majority countries. Published notable current cases of gray zone strategies, offers several hypotheses about the nature of this form of conflict, and suggests a number of policy responses. Adrian Zenzanti-ChinaBeijingChinachrdChristian RightCold WarCongressEvangelicalsMarco RubioNational Endowment for DemocracyNew Cold Warregime changesam brownbackuyghur campsUyghur concentration campsUyghursxi jingping. December 7, 2018. According to the Los Angeles Times, Yapuquan is “a regular guest on Istiqlal TV… where his interviews often extended into hours-long emotional tirades against China.”, Turkish journalist Abdullah Bozkurt reported that Istiqlal TV has also hosted fanatical anti-Semites like Nureddin Yıldız, who in an interview on the network, “called for armed jihad not only in China’s autonomous Xinjiang region but all over the world and described China as a nation of savages, worse than the Jews.”, #Turkey pres. a Washington, DC-based NGO that is backed by the US government, the Network of Chinese Human Rights Defenders (CHRD). Do you agree to the fact that most armed insurgencies find resolution in a grey zone called ‘compromise’? These measures are provocative and escalating but still designed to be non-kinetic and non-lethal. The Grayzone is an independent news website producing original investigative journalism on politics and empire. “I can put it that way. Carl von Clausewitz's masterwork, On War, is generally considered the greatest text on military theory ever written. Clausewitz is a touchstone for the field today, and is read by scholars, students, and military personnel around the world. #Erdogan's family cleric Nureddin Yıldız talks to Uyghur Istiqlal TV, describes #China as nation of savages, worse than Jews. pic.twitter.com/WXcnXtd548. In this explosive book, bestselling author Shashi Tharoor reveals with acuity, impeccable research, and trademark wit, just how disastrous British rule was for India. Countering Competition in the Space between War and Peace. H‰\”ÍŽ¢@…÷. . Gray Zone Conflict I am forwarding herewith the ISAB’s report on Gray Zone Conflict. In this monograph, Dr. Echevarria II provides a critique of the theory of 4GW, examining its faulty assumptions and the problems in its logic. It became like a mission, or a ministry.”, Zenz outlined these views in a book he co-authored in 2012, titled. Political warfare was widely accepted in the US national-security community as an important tool in the superpower competition with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Republican Rep. Chris Smith, for instance, denounced the Chinese government for what he called the “mass internment of millions on a scale not seen since the Holocaust,” in “modern-day concentration camps.”. Liberal democracies generally find it difficult to reconcile their liberal values with the “dark arts” associated with political warfare. Found insideThis book discusses climate and dating of the Indus Valley civilization and Sir Mortimer Wheeler summarizes other contributions to the study. He has produced print articles for an array of publications, many video reports, and several documentaries, including Killing Gaza. Such tactics are the preferred methods of totalitarian and authoritarian states in pursuing their interests. around the world. Gibbon offers an explanation for why the Roman Empire fell, a task made difficult by a lack of comprehensive written sources, though he was not the only historian to tackle the subject. Given these obscurantist right-wing views, it is not surprising that Zenz’s proclaimed concern for the condition of Muslims in China does not seem to extend to Muslims elsewhere. The only Tweet by Zenz concerning Muslims that is unrelated to China is a denial that there is a double standard in how violence is judged when committed by white people compared to Muslims. endstream endobj 943 0 obj <>stream He is a senior fellow in China studies at the far-right Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, which was established by the US government in 1983. , a separatist group that aims to establish an independent homeland in Xinjiang called East Turkestan. Analyse. for the Donald Trump administration to impose sanctions against China over allegations that Beijing has detained millions of Muslim-majority Uyghurs in the western region of Xinjiang. The article unfolds in four parts. The ICIJ report asserts that “[l]inguists, document and Xinjiang experts, including Zenz, who reviewed the documents have expressed confidence in their authenticity.”. pic.twitter.com/OuRA76zyFS, — Abdullah Bozkurt (@abdbozkurt) June 26, 2017, Nureddin Yıldız, #Erdogan's family Imam, talks to #Uyghur TV, urges Uyghurs to do Jihad not only against #China but also Jews & others. The End Times is a very fascinating topic, a very complex topic, and I think, very relevant. the level of open war that are on the border between war and peace. One such character who often appears on Istiqlal TV is Abdulkadir Yapuquan, a reported leader. Republican Rep. Chris Smith, for instance, for what he called the “mass internment of millions on a scale not seen since the Holocaust,” in “modern-day concentration camps.”. Gray-zone Conflict Management Theory, Evidence, and Challenges Dr. DaviD Carment Dani Belo I n this article, we examine the involvement of state and nonstate actors in gray-zone conflict and their relationship to hybrid warfare and the implica - tions for conflict management. And I think it’s good to live aware of that.”. As time goes on, Zenz continues to inflate his speculative estimate of Uyghur detainees. Zenz did not distance himself from his past statements denouncing gender equality and “tolerance thinking,” or his advocacy for the “scriptural spanking” of children. Topic: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security. The situation also requires liberal democracies to develop the capacity to react proportionately to achieve a deterrent effect. It further shows the challenges linked … The Reemergence of Gray-Zone Warfare in Modern Conflicts, Israel’s Struggle against Hamas’s Indirect Approach, The author presents a case study of the conflict between Hamas and Israel to show how gray-zone warfare is neither an innovative nor old phenomenon. The Morrison government has been engaging in a significant amount of values-based rhetoric. The Network of Chinese Human Rights Defenders, which first popularized the “millions detained” figure, has also been able to operate without a hint of media scrutiny. In the tome, Zenz discussed the return of Jesus Christ, the coming wrath of God, and the rise of the Antichrist. “Gray Zone Warfare: German and Russian Political Warfare 1935-1939, and 2014”examines efforts by pre-World War Two Germany and the current Russian state to apply Political Warfare to achieve strategic foreign policy goals, short of Conventional Warfare. The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments is an independent, nonpartisan policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking and debate about national security The monograph emphasizes that many gray zone tools and techniques have been employed for centu-ries. • Michael J. Mazarr, Mastering the Gray Zone: Understanding a Changing Era of Conflict (Carlisle: Army War College Press, 2015). Additionally, such “gray zone” actors act in a nebulous manner that does not explicitly violate the current post-Cold War , a neoconservative think tank founded during the height of the Cold War by Reagan administration personnel with the support of then-CIA Director William J. Casey). The concept entails actions that fall just short of war. Found insideThis book provides a novel analysis of the military campaign of Rafael Carrera during the popular insurrection of 1837-1840 in Guatemala. Found inside – Page 1The Asia-Pacific Regional Security Assessment provides insight into key regional strategic, geopolitical, economic, military and security topics. Grey Zone Warfare is effective if components across the entire spectrum are employed simultaneously in the same battlespace. Most chapters in this book were published as peer-reviewed articles in Sustainability in its special issue "Sustainability through the Lens of Environmental Sociology", providing an environmental sociology approach to understanding and ... War in the Gray Zone—Confusion in Black and White. These incendiary claims have vaulted Zenz to the status of international “expert” on Xinjiang, earned him invites to testify before US Congress and Canadian Parliament, and to deliver commentary in major US media outlets including, Zenz has also been featured by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) as the, A born-again Christian who claims to preach at his local church, Adrian Zenz is a, German base of Columbia International University, a US-based evangelical Christian seminary which considers the “, Bible [to be] the ultimate foundation and the, Zenz’s work on China is inspired by this biblical worldview, as he recently explained in an, . 10 Marks (150 Words) Wed Dec 9, 2020. His Twitter bio notes that he is “moving across the Atlantic” from his native Germany. While CHRD states that it interviewed dozens of ethnic Uyghurs in the course of its study, their enormous estimate was ultimately based on interviews with exactly eight Uyghur individuals. But the analysis rightly contends that such ap- More here: https://t.co/HPJUcHddle pic.twitter.com/czZtxxvXxO, — Max Blumenthal (@MaxBlumenthal) December 22, 2019. Defence Minister Lynda Reynolds has also been singing from the same song sheet when outlining the threat political warfare represents. Based on this absurdly small sample of research subjects in an area whose total population is 20 million, CHRD “extrapolated estimates” that “at least 10% of villagers […] are being detained in re-education detention camps, and 20% are being forced to attend day/evening re-education camps in the villages or townships, totaling 30% in both types of camps.”. Cyber Warfare In The Grey Zone: Wake Up, Washington. Adrian Zenz, a far-right evangelical Christian fundamentalist, helped popularize the claim that China has detained millions of Uyghur Muslims. The Key Texts: • Recent modern incarnation appears to come from Congressional testimony by SOCCOM General Joseph Votel, March 18, 2015. In his December 10, 2019 testimony to the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Adrian Zenz took a victory lap of sorts for Congress’ passage of the Uyghur Human Rights Act the week before, which placed new sanctions on the Chinese government. ganan fama como “catalizadores de las protestas”, Cómo medios financiados por EEUU incitaron un golpe de estado en Nicaragua, Cómo USAID, fachada de la CIA, creó el aparato mediático anti-sandinista en Nicaragua, US government-backed Network of Chinese Human Rights Defenders, was a top leader of the fascist OUN-B militia, Radio Free Asia, a US-funded news agency created by the CIA, leading authority legitimizing their recent “China Cables” investigation, Top 20 The Grayzone stories of 2019: From Venezuela coup attempt to Russiagate delusions, information warfare to new cold war, Venezuela’s opposition pleads for US intervention – Max Blumenthal reports from Caracas march, “Wipe out China!” US-funded Uyghur activists train as gun-toting foot soldiers for empire, How the Pentagon and CIA push Venezuela regime-change propaganda in video games, How NATO set the stage for open-air slave markets in Libya, How Obama helped Trump escalate nuclear tensions with Russia. In September of 2018, Zenz wrote an article published in the Central Asian Survey journal concluding that “Xinjiang’s total re-education internment figure may be estimated at just over one million.” (A condensed version of the article was initially published by the Jamestown Foundation, a neoconservative think tank founded during the height of the Cold War by Reagan administration personnel with the support of then-CIA Director William J. Casey). Bibliogs Through Jurgen Habermas's detailed criticism of positivist epistemology and methodology and his careful, undogmatic articulation of insights drawn from an immense knowledge of the German philosophical and sociological traditions, ... The “millions detained” figure was first popularized by a Washington, DC-based NGO that is backed by the US government, the Network of Chinese Human Rights Defenders (CHRD). To start with, the government should declassify more material to inform public discussion, as was done to inform Australian Signals Directorate Director-General Mike Burgess’s speech at the Lowy Institute in March. Alternately termed non-linear war, active measures, or conflict in “the gray zone,” hybrid warfare has no single, agreed upon definition. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The rigorously enforced conviction on display in the politically hermetic chambers of the US Capitol also encompasses the whole of Western media, where even purportedly progressive outlets have provided Zenz with an uncritical platform. Increasingly it will be about a contest of narratives below the threshold of war. Found insideWollstonecraft argues not only that women ought to have the education of a woman should fit her position and role in society, but also that they are human beings and thus deserve the same fundamental rights as men. From Plassey to Partition is an eminently readable account of the emergence of India as a nation. But he’s also a Rapture-ready evangelical who says he’s “led by God” against Beijing. The ExxonMobil refinery in Torrance, Calif., after an explosion on Feb. 18, 2015, which nearly caused the release of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid. The unconventional and insidious threat U.S. adversaries pose is in the "gray zone," the space between U.S. traditional concepts of a peaceful state of affairs and full-scale war… A 2015 explosion at the company’s refinery near Los Angeles came frighteningly close to releasing a lethal gas into a neighborhood; a ban may result. Pentagon’s Non-Lethal Weapons Office Pushing Gray-Zone Warfare Tools. The central theme of the work is the fall of man into sin and the loss of Paradise, but for a proper reading the epic character of the work must be taken into account, something that Milton never forgets. Wide-ranging public dialogue would also better inoculate against the kind of backlash generated when previously unknown programs see the light of day, such as the East Timor spying revelations or the Snowden leaks. October 2018. A closer look at Zenz’s own biases should magnify these concerns, as he is a full-blown evangelical End Timer who appears to be believe that God has sent him on a holy crusade against the People’s Republic of China. In a 2018 report submitted to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination – often misrepresented in Western media as a UN-authored report – CHRD “estimate[d] that roughly one million members of ethnic Uyghurs have been sent to ‘re-education’ detention camps and roughly two million have been forced to attend ‘re-education’ programs in Xinjiang.” According to CHRD, this figure was “[b]ased on interviews and limited data.”. Together, the two helped found the World Anti-Communist League that was described by journalist Joe Conason as “the organizational haven for neo-Nazis, fascists, and anti-Semitic extremists from two dozen countries.”, Lev Dobriansky, pictured below with Eisenhower & Reagan, invented Captive Nations Week in 1959, and got Yaroslav Stetsko his first visa to the United States in 1958 against the wishes of the CIA & the State Department. Nick Ut/AP. Given the significant costs of engaging the United States in combat, and the growing range of indirect and non-military The United States is actively involved in two hybrid conflicts (ISIS in Syria and Iraq) and is supporting the Ukraine against hybrid threats from Russia. Hybrid threats and the gray zone are issues that have existed in warfare for centuries. However, their recent emergence in the discussion of conflict amongst strategists, scholars, and policymakers highlights their renewed importance. Reproduction of the original: Some Principles of Maritime Strategy by Julian Stafford Corbett Also, unlike the major platforms Defence is acquiring, such as the Attack-class submarine, influence operations are much cheaper and can provide real “bang for buck”. This book contributes to the on-going debates on climate change by focusing on the SDGs and exploring linkages between environmental change and food security as well as the relevance and need to consider the management of natural resources, ... expert commentary on the latest international Instead, he asserted that there was no inconsistency between those views and the quality of his research on China’s Xinjiang region. The purpose is to induce exhaustion in the perceived enemy without evoking any direct resistance. Lowy Institute, Digital changes everything (Photo: A.P. It became like a mission, or a ministry.”. Security experts say, Matsu is on the front lines of China’s newest tactic: “gray zone” or hybrid warfare. 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