Japan. As with its predecessors, the origins of 1877 lie in the 1873 debate over a proposed invasion of Korea. Request Permissions. 1973 Sophia University His father, Saigo Kichibei, was a low-ranking samurai tax official who only managed to scrape by despite his samurai status. The artillery battalion was divided into 2 batteries with 130 men per battery. Satsuma Rebellion The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. But in Satsuma the division of feeling remained unaltered, a circumstance which, added to separatist tendencies that stood in the way of combined action, was, in the sequel, of much benefit to the Government. News article in Le Monde Illustr, 1877. date= January 29, 1877 to September 24, 1877 place= Kysh, Japan result=Imperial Victory combatant1= Empire of Japan combatant2=Satsuma domain Sources describe him as dressed in an austere yellow kimono . The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Just four days after his return, he had an audience with the daimyo, Hisamitsu, who shocked him by appointing him commander of the Satsuma army in Kyoto. During war, the mountain artillery had a nominal strength of 160 men per battery and field artillery had 130 men per battery. After months of fighting the Satsuma forces had dwindled to approx 400 . This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. Soon 132 branches were established all over the prefecture. List Price: $31.95. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The Satsuma Rebellion. The rebels' momentum soon stalled when they settled into a months-long siege of Kumamoto Castle, just 109 miles north of Kagoshima. Imperial forces fell back, and Acting Major Nogi Maresuke of the Kokura Fourteenth Regiment lost the regimental colors in fierce fighting. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. However, the Satsuma army was able to cut its way free from encirclement. ISBN-13: . The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. '", The Lavenberg Collection of Japanese Prints, Gorykaku (surrender of the Ezo rebels to Saig, The Rebellion Begins, Issue 1 from the Osaka newspaper Kagoshima-ken ari no sonomama, March 5, 1877, The Huge Win of the Armed Forces, Issue 4 from the Osaka newspaper Kagoshima-ken ari no sonomama, March 5, 1877, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), May 15, 1877, The Arraignment of Oyama Tsunayoshi, August 27, 1877, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 1877, Report on the Actual Condition at the Battlefield, September 21, 1877. List Price: $32.75. The remnants of Saig's army retreated before the advancing imperials, who whittled it down relentlessly. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. By 6 a.m., only 40 rebels were still alive. The Commandant of Kumamoto Castle Major General Tani Tateki had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. The police, in units ranging from 300 to 600 men, were mostly ex-samurai (ironically, many of whom were from Satsuma) and were armed only with wooden batons and swords (Japanese police did not carry firearms until the rice riots of 1918). A primary source of its causes and events. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The Korean government even went as far as having a prefect publicly state that by adopting western-style customs and clothing, Japan had become a barbarian nation. ISBN-13: 9781437338997. He did not want to rebel, still feeling deep personal loyalty to the Meiji Emperor, but announced on February 7 that he would go to Tokyo to "question" the central government. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. Attempts at Constitutional Government > Satsuma Rebellion. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. . "Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai." Down to about 3,000 men, the Satsuma forces made a stand on Mount Enodake. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The province of Satsuma is situated in the southernmost portion of the island of Kyushu, and Kagoshima is the capital city. Later woodcut prints depicted the rebel leader kneeling to commit traditional seppuku, but that would not have been possible given his filariasis and shattered leg. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion. The imperial governments conscript levies were hard-pressed to defeat Saig, but in the end superior transport, modern communications, and better weapons assured victory for the government. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. The five government warships in Kagoshima harbor added their firepower to Yamagata's artillery, and began to systematically reduce the rebel positions. Nariakira and his allies sought to increase the emperor's power at the expense of the shogun, but on July 15, 1858, Shimazu died suddenly, likely of poison. Takamori Saigo, defeated in his insistent advocacy of the invasion of Korea, resigned his councillorship in the Cabinet and returned to his native place. [6] The costs of pacifying the former samurai led to the Meiji government becoming virtually bankrupt; the government was forced to sell off state-owned enterprises such as factories and mines to politically-connected merchants and former officials at low prices, leading to the instant formation of large industrial firms or zaibatsu. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. He famously opposed the construction of a railway network, insisting that money should rather be spent on military modernization.[4]. Saigo soon noted that he had "fallen into their trap and taken the bait" of settling into a siege. In addition to the army, the central government also used marines and Tokyo policemen in its struggle against Satsuma. Publish Date: Dec 10, 2008. This opposition reached the boiling point in 1876 when the central government banned samurai from carrying swords and stopped paying them stipends. In April of 1871, Saigo was persuaded to return to Tokyo to organize the new national army. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. Professor John Lynn 442 Gregory Hall Office Hours: MW, 1pm and by appointment [email protected] Cell Phone: 217-778-7333 History 251/GLBL 251: War, Military Institutions, and Society since 1815 Spring Semester 2023 MW, 12pm, 319 Lincoln Hall Check out Professor Lynn's web page and CV: Canvas All the basic materials for this class can be found on Canvas at Spring 2023-HIST 251-Warfare Milit . Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. Saig was a strong proponent of war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873. Tabaruzaka was held by some 15,000 samurai from Satsuma, Kumamoto and Hitoyoshi against the Imperial Army's 9th Infantry Brigade (some 9,000 men). The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. Japan Currency Museum. Conscription System in Japan Author : Ogawa, Gataro Year- 1921 Type- book "The Satsuma Rebellion led Japan to turn over a new leaf. Secretary of the British Legation in Tokyo during the rebellion, Mounsey relied on the 'most authentic sources, oral and documentary'. The imperial troops spent several days constructing an elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout. English Wikipedia. He changed his name to Saigo Sasuke, and the domain government declared him dead. In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. Legend says that one of his followers, Beppu Shinsuke, acted as kaishakunin and aided Saig in committing seppuku before he could be captured. 28, No. Several samurai, upon seeing him in this state, would have severed his head, assisting him in the warrior's suicide that they knew he would have wished. Satsuma Rebellion Part of the ShizokuRebellions Map of the campaign Belligerents Empire of Japan Satsuma Domain Commanders and leaders Emperor Meiji Prince Arisugawa Yamagata Aritomo Kuroda Kiyotaka Tani Tateki Saig Takamori Kirino Toshiaki Beppu Shinsuke Strength 227,000 10 warships 25,000-35,000 Casualties and losses They resorted to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance and refiring it. [10] Statues in Ueno Park, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Castle stand in his memory. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History; with Maps - Primary Source Edition. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. There are no published reports by eyewitnesses. Founded by a saint named "Birbhan" in 1657 in Narnaul in Haryana. It is said that he was shot in the femur, then he thrust a sword into his stomach region, then had his head decapitated deliberately by a fellow citizen. ThoughtCo. The Satsuma Rebellion (also known as "seinan sens" - the Southwestern War) was a turning point in Japanese history. Satsuma Rebellion. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. ThoughtCo. However, Saig was one of the most vocal and vehement opponents to the negotiated solution, demanding that the Tokugawa be stripped of their lands and special status. 0 Reviews. Although much of his history has been lost, recent scholars have discovered clues to the true nature of this illustrious warrior and diplomat. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Kumamoto castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saig was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's peasant conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent Shinpren rebellion. Publish Date: Jan 02, 2010. The Last Samurai chronicles the fortuitous rise and tragic fall of Saig. [2] He had six siblings and his younger brother was Marshal-Admiral Marquis Saig Jd. Szczepanski, Kallie. With an army in place, the Meiji government summoned the remaining daimyo to Tokyo in mid-July, 1871 and abruptly announced that the domains were dissolved and the lords' authorities abolished. The Satsuma Rebellion (February 1877 - September 1877) and Its Woodblock Prints In riding through the streets one notices the crowds in front of the picture shops, which are bright in color from the war prints. In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. Pro-emperor daimyo and radicals called for an end to the shogunate and the expulsion of all foreigners. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (187173). Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. The Satsuma Rebellion was the last civil war in Japan, occurring in the tenth year of the Meiji era (1877), when the Satsuma rebel forces centering on Saig Takamori of Kagoshima collided with the regular army of the new Meiji government not long after it had formed. The Satsuma Rebellion. At its head was Saig Takamori, a hero of the restoration who had directed the military campaign against the Tokugawa. Saigo was getting accustomed to the second island when he was transferred to a desolate penal island further south, where he spent more than a year on that dreary rock, returning to Satsuma only in February of 1864. To aid in the air of legality, Saig wore his army uniform. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). . Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. These disaffected samurai came to dominate the Kagoshima government, and fearing a rebellion, the government sent warships to Kagoshima to remove weapons from the Kagoshima arsenal. Monumenta Nipponica In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. Each entry is based on a primary source we analysed ; We used a website to compile the entries because it's easier to navigate with; HERE is the link to the primary documents/analysis In the about page there will be a video on the Satsuma Rebellion and a brief paragraph describing what was going on in the rebellion Then we have Luke's entry. Sophia University was established in Tokyo in 1913 by the Society of Jesus. In Kagoshima prefecture (formerly Satsuma domain), the samurai of the 'private-school faction' (referring to graduates of the private school set up by SAIGO Takamori and his disciples), organized by KIRINO Toshiaki, et al., joined forces with the Prefectural Governor OYAMA Tsunayoshi to advance their own policies. The cavalry regiment consisted of 150 men. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors. Bonded by their distaste for the shogunate, Choshu and Satsuma gradually formed an alliance. ISBN-13: 9781142113520. The coming into force in January, 1877, of the edict, issued in the previous year, prohibiting the wearing of swords, was followed by Shimadzu's resignation of the high office he held in the Ministry. Saigo privately cheered on the rebels in other provinces, but stayed at his country house rather than returning to Kagoshima for fear that his presence might spark yet another rebellion. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at the gates of his castle. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. SAIGO's army campaigned as far as Kumamoto and Miyazaki (both in Kyushu), but then returned to Kagoshima in September, where it holed up in Shiroyama. 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September . Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. The Satsuma advance guard, 4,000 strong, set out on February 15, marching north. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. Superior Essays. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. Ever since his retirement from office, and his withdrawal to his native province in 1873, the elder Saigo had remained in Kagoshima, the chief town of Satsuma. After his failure to take Kumamoto, Saig led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War ( Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. As commander of Satsuma's troops, Saigo led an 1864 punitive expedition against the Choshu domain, whose army in Kyoto had opened fire on the Emperor's residence. Imperial forces emerged victorious, but with heavy casualties on both sides. The leaders of the restoration were mostly young samurai from feudal domains ( han s) historically hostile to Tokugawa authority, notably Chsh, in far western Honshu, and Satsuma, in southern Kyushu. In 1873, the central government began to conscript commoners as soldiers, replacing the samurai. He is popularly known as "The Last Samurai," and proved so beloved that Emperor Meiji felt compelled to issue him a posthumous pardon in 1889. The Tokugawa regime was falling apart, but it had not yet occurred to Saigo that a future Japanese government might not include a shogunafter all, the shoguns had ruled Japanfor 800 years. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. Outraged by the government's tactics, 50 students from Saig's academy attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons. Each battalion consisted of four companies. Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". The shogun's men were still hunting him, so Saigo went into a three-year internal exile on the small island of Amami Oshima. In December 1876, the Meiji government sent a police officer named Nakahara Hisao and 57 other men to investigate reports of subversive activities and unrest. Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Despite the overwhelming odds, the Imperial Army did not attack immediately upon arrival on September 8 but instead spent more than two weeks carefully preparing for its final assault. After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power. There, the situation was complicated by the existence of no less than three parties two conservative groups led, respectively, by the old noble Shimadzu, the father of the young ex-daimio, and by the elder Saigo, the latter being at once the most influential and most numerous; and a thirdthe party of reformwhich looked for guidance, among other prominent men, to Okubo, Kuroda, Matsugata, Kawamura and the younger Saigo. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Saigo Takamori likely was killed in the initial barrage, although tradition holds that he was just gravely injured and committed seppuku. 8 Practical Tips to Maximize Efficiency in Real Estate Investing Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. Improved Essays. Led by Daniel Shays, the rebel "Shaysites" of . OutOfFighters 3 yr. ago. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Some legends say Saig's manservant hid the head, and it was later found by a government soldier. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. Primary Sources 1. 25,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. 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