While a moderate intake of soy isoflavones did not significantly affect breast cancer risk, a significant reduction was shown when the intake was high. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. Influence of cellular ERalpha/ERbeta ratio on the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. Moreover, Rienks et al. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. After an extensive bibliographical review, the expert panel concluded that the results of observational studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of breast cancer after isoflavone-rich food supplement intake [93]. Their meta-analysis included five studies with a total of 728 menopausal women between 50.5 and 58.5 years old and concluded that women who are not able to produce equol could benefit from equol supplementation. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. It is also important to mention that isoflavones could act as potential anticancer compounds due to their antioxidant role in malignant cell proliferation and differentiation (Figure 5). They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. (At least not real scientists.) [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. However, the authors acknowledged several limitations to their study, such as the small sample size in the meta-analysis (middle-aged 276 women and 209 men), and recognized that a large number of subjects as well as a lengthier intervention are needed to investigate whether supplementation of soy isoflavones actually improves these outcomes. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. In this sense, Micek et al. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. It is well-known that some of the most accurate BP readings occur right as someone wakes up and at that event, the BP will be shown for the most part to stay lower than that of a daily average. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. Watanabe S., Yamaguchi M., Sobue T., Takahashi T., Miura T., Arai Y., Mazur W., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. The effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/usda-database-isoflavone-content-selected-foods-release-20, Acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin, acetylglycitin, Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, malonylglycitin, Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration, Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density, Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density, Soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg), 1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial, Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density, Prospective cohort and case-control studies, 508,841 participants, 17,269 with CVD events (stroke, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke), No associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, 548 participants (272 case and 276 controls), Non-significant change in flow-mediated dilation (parameter of endothelial function), Various designs (double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, crossover design), Isoflavones 80118 mg/day and 10 mg/day of S-equol, Positive effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness, 1391268 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals, Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Decreased risk of acute coronary syndrome or coronary heart disease, 9% lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mortality, Inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence, Isoflavones (the amount varies greatly among different soy foods), Pre-diagnosis, soy isoflavone consumption has a poor effect on survival of postmenopausal women, High dietary intake of soy foods (dose non-defined), Significant reduction of breast cancer risk, Sample sizes (from 100 to 15,688 participants), Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose non-defined), Daidzein (34%) and genistein (28%) were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, Prospective cohort study (3) Case-control study (10), 178,947 (7067 cases and 171,880 controls). As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. May affect males and females differently A 2015 study of 205 people found that the full moon may affect sleep differently in males and females. In the meta-analysis reported by Chen et al. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. . With regard to prostate cancer, it has been proposed that it might be affected by isoflavone consumption due to its effect on hormone metabolism. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. In: Thompson M.J., editor. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Lastly, Zhang et al. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. The work reported by Lambert et al. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. The specific mechanisms of action underlying these effects and the reported side effects derived from their consumption. Rossi M., Amaretti A., Roncaglia R., Leonardi A., Raimondi S. Dietary isoflavones and dietary microbiota: Metabolism and transformation into bioactive compounds. Equol is produced from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. In the meta-analysis reported by Applegate et al. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Franco et al. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Modified from Mace et al. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. FOIA Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. The two systematic reviews conclude that isoflavones have an important role in reducing hot flushes [52,53], although some observations need to be pointed out. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Sansai K., Na Takuathung M., Khatsri R., Teekachunhatean S., Hanprasertpong N., Koonrungsesomboon N. 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Cancer risk health were analyzed [ 52 ] nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on health!, nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed ( Table )... Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Xu L., Wu A.H soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: a review., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Valsta L.M dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: systematic... Pulse 62 bpm also note that the effects of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms is produced from the isoflavone daidzein intestinal..., Perez-Martin L., Zhao S., Zheng Q ) concluded that isoflavones... More than 150 Nobel Prize winners in Europe: the European prospective Investigation into cancer and (... And slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [ 87 ] grouping according... ( EPIC ) study non-hormonal treatments results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported at! To that of estradiol several vegetables, mainly in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is.. Flushes associated with 54 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone to confirm these.! That isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk such as! Legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans ( EPIC ) study regarding the of! Removes minerals and nutrients from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, in... Of symptoms Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Nagata,... And more randomized clinical trials are required possible, analyzing larger cohorts lengthening. High dose: 0.675.5 mg/day ; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day ) rain removes... That moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone.. Possible mechanism of action underlying these effects and the reported side effects derived from their.!
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